A New Coach/Athlete Model

The DWP Coach/Athlete Model

"Dear Rosie,

I’ve confirmed with policy experts that we don’t require either a legislative change or new legislation to enable the roll-out of the Claimant Commitment to JSA Claimants. This is because the Claimant Commitment will be used within the current JSA regime. Building on the successful Live Innovation Trials and Pathfinder approach, we are preparing for the introduction of Universal Credit by introducing a programme of learning and development for advisers to embed a cultural change and a new coach/athlete model for supporting claimants. This will include strengthening how we shift claimant behaviour towards proactive job-search that sets the right foundation ahead of Universal Credit’s smoother, clearer, more stable incentives to work. This will be supported by improved products, primarily the Claimant Commitment, which will help to enable this change. It is important to note that whilst the Claimant Commitment will replace the existing product for the claimant group agreed for roll-out, it will for legislative purposes act as the Jobseeker’s Agreement and claimant acceptance of it will not be a condition of entitlement for JSA as it will be for Universal Credit.

You are correct to say that generally claimants who are able to work would fall into the All Work Related Requirements group when claiming Universal Credit. Our aim is to encourage them to get into as much work as they reasonably can do as quickly as possible. Advisers will take account of individual circumstances and set requirements that, if complied with, give the claimant the best possible prospects of finding paid work.

The Claimant Commitment is at the heart of this personalised approach. Compliance with requirements such as active job search and engagement with advisers, increases the chances that claimants find work more quickly than they would otherwise, but too often in the current system there is a lack of clarity about requirements and consequences. The Claimant Commitment will address this, for the first time setting out all requirements and consequences in one place – ensuring claimants understand what is required.

One of the main differences between current JSA and Universal Credit conditionality is that claimants in the All Work Related Requirements group have a responsibility to look for and find work. Claimants should treat this responsibility as their “job” and our intention is that claimants should aim to spend as many hours looking for work as we would expect them to spend in work - for the All Work Related Requirements group this has been set at 35 hours per week. These more robust requirements will be supported by a new sanctions framework under Universal Credit.

However, as I have explained, the JSA Claimant Commitment will be underpinned by JSA and not Universal Credit legislation and as such will not have the same powers as for those claiming Universal Credit. Current JSA conditionality will continue to be applied and the Claimant Commitment will be a tool which facilitates a culture change and a more robust approach to diagnosing claimants circumstances and setting appropriate work related requirements, which will provide the best chance of finding work.

Kind Regards ... DWP Communications"

http://www.rightsnet.org.uk/forums/viewthread/5264

Nigel

Reilly Good News

Tuesday 12 February 2013 

Taxpayers 'facing multi-million-pound compensation bill' as judges rule back-to-work schemes are unlawful in Poundland test case

"Cait Reilly has won her Court of Appeal claim that requiring her to work for free at a Poundland discount store was unlawful,

She and unemployed HGV driver Jamieson Wilson, from Nottingham, both succeeded in their claims, in the legal aid funded case,

The ruling will not affect the schemes’ existence but will mean the way in which they are written and enforced will need to change,

Lawyers say today's ruling could mean those whose benefits were stripped for refusing part in back-to-work schemes could now reclaim them,

But DWP say it is 'adamant there are no grounds for repayment'."

Neutral Citation Number: [2013] EWCA Civ 66

Court of Appeal Rules that the Government’s “Back to Work” Regulations are Unlawful and Must Be Quashed
 
Back-to-work scheme ruling explained
 
This Poundland ruling is a welcome blow to the Work Programme

Landmark workfare ruling, “govt acted unlawfully #workfare is quashed”

Graduate wins court fight that 'slave labour' at Poundland was unlawful
 
Back-to-work scheme breached laws, says Court of Appeal

Poundland ruling: Back-to-work schemes in disarray as no-pay placements judged unlawful
 
Poundland ruling 'blows big hole' through government work schemes

"Back-to-work scheme breached laws"

Government training scheme unlawful
 
Poundland ‘breached forced labour laws’
 
Graduate’s Poundland victory leaves government work schemes in tatters
 
Court of Appeal will this morning rule whether ConDem employment schemes constitute forced labour
 
Back to work schemes quashed in huge victory for ordinary people
 
Cait Reilly and Jamieson Wilson: Court Rules Workfare Unlawful.
 
Public Interest Lawyers Limited: Court of Appeal Rules that the Government’s “Back to Work” Regulations are Unlawful and Must Be Quashed
 
Back-to-work ruling 'undermines welfare reform'

Small Victories

Court of Appeal Rules “Back to Work” Regulations Unlawful And Must Be Quashed
 
Workfare Is Broken! New Court Ruling and Charity Exodus Are Death Knell For Forced Labour!
 
Unpaid work scheme is illegal, says court - with comment
 
Did you turn down Workfare and lose benefits? Claim them back now!

Poundland Made Me Feel Like I Was Free Labour, Says Cait Reilly – Video
 
DWP Response To Todays #Workfare Judgement

Back-to-work scheme regulations unlawful, not schemes themselves, says expert 

What was the real reason for the work experience decision?

In praise of … Cait Reilly
 
Politics and the Poundland ruling
 
The Poundland Principle: The Only Thing To Gain From Unskilled Labour Is A Wage
 
Nigel

They Are Not Idiots, So What Are They? - TLBs?

We do not have Work for Your Benefit or Workfare schemes in this country ...

"We do not have Work for Your Benefit or Workfare schemes in this country. Workfare is an American term used to describe employment programmes which force all jobseekers to work at a certain point of their claim in order to continue to receive benefit."

DWP here say that we do - JSA MWA AND ESE SCHEMES – FURTHER GUIDANCE FOR DECISION MAKERS ...

"Meaning of Work for your benefit schemes

3 The “Get Britain Working” initiatives, i.e. mandatory work programmes, such as the MWA and ESE schemes fall within the meaning of “Work for your benefit” schemes."

Government Lies In Response To Workfare Petition
 
Nigel

Do It Yourself, Mark Cannot be Arsed To Know Such Things

Work Programme

Hansard source (Citation: HC Deb, 16 January 2013, c789W)

Request ...

Chris Ruane (Vale of Clwyd, Labour)

"To ask the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions how many successful job outcomes from the Work programme there have been in each parliamentary constituency in the last 12 months; what proportion of the total number of successful outcomes are in each parliamentary constituency; and what proportion of total referrals to the programme have resulted in job outcomes."

Reply ...

Mark Hoban (Fareham, Conservative)

"Statistics on how many successful job outcomes from the Work programme there have been in each parliamentary constituency in the last 12 months; what proportion of the total number of successful outcomes are in each parliamentary constituency; and what proportion of total referrals to the programme have resulted in job outcomes can be found at:

http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/index.php?page=tabtool

Guidance for users can be found at:

http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd1/tabtools/guidance.pdf "

Nigel

How Twee - Are They Not Supposed To Be Doing It Anyway?

Tuesday 15 January 2013: Published on Monday 14 January 2013 09:02

Give us a chance to work (Star)

"TODAY The Star kick starts a campaign to get Sheffield’s unemployed back into work - as latest figures show more than 17,000 city residents rely on jobseeker benefits.

The We Want to Work campaign is giving 10 candidates taking part in the Government’s work programme the chance to showcase their skills and potential.

The Star has joined forces with Action 4 Employment to give these men and women a platform to pitch to prospective employers.

The initiative comes as latest jobless figures show 4.6 per cent of the city’s population is on Jobseekers’ Allowance.

Every week The Star will profile jobseekers as they work on their CVs, prepare for interviews, and gain qualifications to boost their chances of securing employment.

The Deputy Prime Minister and Sheffield MP Nick Clegg has also given backing to the campaign."

STAR CAMPAIGN: Backing Sheffield’s jobhunters to find work - VIDEO (Star)

Tuesday 15 January 2013 07.00 GMT

Former Sheffield driver eyes return to work routine (Star)

Sheffield gets a taste of cold steel as spending cuts hit (Guardian)

"The city's financial plight is set to affect a devastating range of local services. Kevin Meagher reports on the range of cuts following the Government's austerity squeeze."

Leading MPs back The Star’s back-to-work in Sheffield campaign (Star)

Joanne just wants work (Star)

Daryl has determination to get on career ladder (Star)

On the right lines: Chris gets fast track back to work (Mirror)

Nigel

It Really Has Come To This

PUBLISHED: 12:30, 10 January 2013 | UPDATED: 15:56, 10 January 2013

Unemployed agoraphobic woman, 22, claims 'discrimination' after being told she can't attend job centre via videolink

"Jen Lant risks losing her £98 unless she attends monthly meetings in person

The 22-year-old says she is discriminated against because she is disabled

An unemployed agoraphobic who receives benefits by attending Jobcentre meetings via videolink claims she is the victim of discrimination after being told she must start turning up in person.

Jen Lant risks losing the £98 employment support allowance she gets from the monthly meetings and argues the new rules discriminate against her because of she is disabled.

The 22-year-old, who has a GP's letter explaining her condition, has 'good days' when she can leave her house for a couple of hours but is often unable to set foot outside."

Incarceration
 
Nigel

Parked

2012

The Work Programme

"Anyway on my first visit to Work Programme provider Ingenus my case/key worker was great with me. She told me what it was all about and sent me away with my bus fare refunded. "See you next Monday, be lucky with your jobsearch," she said. But it was all bullshit. She told me I could use their computers, get paper for sending out CV's, and get more help than I had been getting from the Jobcentre.

But hey, I still had to to do my jobsearch diary for the jobcentre, or as I found out, to the cost of me receiving no JSA for two weeks (which was eventually paid to me when I won my appeal against this decision). Pity it did not help with my offending behaviour that week, when I was nicked for shoplifting in a supermarket.

Well after six months with the WP I had still not completed a new CV, and nobody at Ingenus seemed to care because I was a 'problem client'. The problem they had with me was that I had put the truth about myself on the CV and that I had been in and out of prison most of my life. So nobody would even offer me an interview ( I can't really blame employers - who wants a reformed drug smuggler, burglar, thief, liar and cheat working for them.

"Don't you think it would be best if you left the prison part of your life out of your CV," said the caseworker. Ok, so how do I account for what I did between 1979-83, 1993-98, 1999-2004, 2005 -2009, etc. The case worker said we will make something up for it to make it look good on your CV. So I was advised to LIE on my CV, to at least get my foot in an employer's door for an interview. "If you get the job, by the time they find out the truth they may like what they see and keep you on."

So what would you do? Tell the truth and not ever get an interview OR lie and hope they don't dig too deep into your made up references and sack you for being a liar (even though you are the best welder on the line?!!).

No. I was torn, now as I had the chance of a full-time job, but it was cash in hand, as the builder who could have given me three months work, was himself struggling to keep his head above the waterline in the flood of unemployment."

Nigel

We Intend To Introduce Mandation For Universal Jobmatch In 2013

January 8, 2013

Universal Jobmatch: “claimants will not be required to apply for jobs” only on Universal Jobmatch (FOIR)

"“Until changes have been made to the service, claimants will not be required to apply for jobs where the method of application is internally through the service only. In these instances advisers will concentrate on jobs which can be applied for externally and failure to apply for these without good reason could result in a benefit sanction being imposed. “

DWP Central Freedom of Information Team  (FOIR Response)

Universal Jobmatch

Nigel

We Intend To Introduce Mandation For Universal Jobmatch In 2013

January 8, 2013

Universal Jobmatch: “claimants will not be required to apply for jobs” only on Universal Jobmatch (FOIR)

"“Until changes have been made to the service, claimants will not be required to apply for jobs where the method of application is internally through the service only. In these instances advisers will concentrate on jobs which can be applied for externally and failure to apply for these without good reason could result in a benefit sanction being imposed. “

DWP Central Freedom of Information Team  (FOIR Response)

Universal Jobmatch

Nigel

It's What They Do - Does Not Matter Who They Are

Friday 04 January 2013

Voters 'brainwashed by Tory welfare myths' (Independent)

"Survey shows public ignorance of the level of benefits and who gets them

Ministers were accused last night of demonising benefits claimants in an attempt to justify their controversial decision to increase most state handouts by less than inflation.

Polling commissioned by the Trades Union Congress suggests that a campaign by Tory ministers is turning voters against claimants – but only because the public is being fed "myths" about those who rely on benefits.

The criticism comes before a crunch Commons vote next Tuesday on the Welfare Benefits Uprating Bill, which will ensure that most benefits and tax credits will rise by only one per cent for the next three years. Labour, which will vote against the measure, will try today to answer Tory claims that it is "soft" on scroungers by announcing a "tough love" plan to force adults who have been out of work for more than two years to take up a government "job guarantee" or lose their benefits."

Editorial: Who said the nasty party had gone away? (Independent)

Friday 4 January 2013

Labour proposes 'tough but fair' jobs and welfare scheme (Guardian)
Labour urges temporary jobs for long-term unemployed (BBC)
Making work pay: Balls announces compulsory jobs guarantee for long-term unemployed (LFF)
Job Guarantees give hope to long-term unemployed (LFF)
Labour's job guarantee (PH)
Labour revisits old welfare ghosts with its jobs guarantee (Spectator)
The Trouble with a Job Guarantee
Ed Balls: Britain needs real welfare reform that is tough, fair and that works
Working reforms will introduce job guarantee plan for long-term claimants over 25, announces Ed Balls

"Shadow chancellor Ed Balls says the £1bn jobs subsidy would be linked to a cut in tax relief for higher earners' pensions. Photograph: Andy Hall for the Observer

Labour will move to protect itself from the politically damaging charge that it is soft on welfare claimants, by proposing that every adult aged over 25 and out of work for more than two years should be obliged to take up a government-provided job for six months, or lose benefits.

The "compulsory work or lose benefits" announcement by the shadow chancellor, Ed Balls, and the shadow work and pensions secretary, Liam Byrne, comes ahead of what threatens to be a fraught second reading debate on Tuesday over Labour's refusal to back a government bill restricting increases in benefits and tax credits to 1% a year for the next three years – which is likely to represent a 4% cut in real terms."

Friday, 4 January 2013 

Back to the future?

"On many forums, including the comments on newspaper articles, it has become commonplace for people to forecast a return to the workhouse.  As a historian, in an amateur sort of way, I have begun to see genuine parallels between the plans and attitudes of the current governing classes and the climate of opinion which brought about the Poor Laws of 1834.".

January 9th, 2013 

Labour’s real guarantee: Workfare

"Last week saw the Labour Party announce its own form of workfare: the Job Guarantee. Labour, who introduced workfare and welfare reform into the UK whilst in government, now guarantees a number of things: It guarantees that yet again politicians will give billions of taxpayers’ money to subsidise big private businesses – probably the likes of failing and government contract reliant A4E, and workfare-users ASDA – helping them to drive up their profit margins. It guarantees to further undermine real job vacancies as companies replace job roles with subsidised compulsory short-term placements."

Labour’s Job Plans, Concerns After Some Serious Thought

Isn’t it time Labour’s plan for jobs and growth was different from the Coalition’s?

Nigel

“Think Of The Press As A Great Keyboard On Which The Government Can Play.”

“If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually

come to believe it. The lie can be maintained only for such time as the State can
shield the people from the political, economic and/or military consequences
of the lie. It thus becomes vitally important for the State to use all of its powers to
repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension,
 the truth is the greatest enemy of the State.”

Monday, 31 December 2012 11:00 AM

Labour 'squandered £10bn' on tax credit blunders
IDS: Tax Credit System 'Haemorrhaging Money'
£10bn lost to fraud in tax credits system ‘not fit for purpose’ says IDS
Iain Duncan Smith: we’ve brought back fairness to welfare
Iain Duncan Smith launches scathing attack on tax credit abuse
Iain Duncan Smith: universally challenged
UK Minister Iain Duncan Smith condemns tax credits
Number of foreigners claiming tax credits 'unknown', ministers admit
Tax credits and a fairer system
David Cameron: we’ll help the strivers, not welfare claimants
Keeping up the attack

"Labour's tax credit system resulted in £10 billion being wasted on fraud and error, Iain Duncan Smith has claimed.

The work and pensions secretary used an article in the Telegraph paper to mount a sustained attack on the New Labour government's "sorry story of dependency, wasted taxpayers' money and fraud""

Monday 31 Dec 2012

FactCheck: is Britain a tax credit haven?

"It’s also worth pointing out that of the £11.16bn lost to fraud and error under Labour, just £1.27bn of that was actually down to fraud. Or 0.7 per cent of the total amount spent on tax credits."

December 31, 2012

IDS on welfare reform -how do I lie to thee let me count the ways

"How do I LIE to thee? Let me count the ways. I LIE thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach….

That sums up Iain Duncan Smith’s latest attempt at spin about welfare reforms. Perhaps this is just to deflect that the word ‘reform’ means to improve and his reforms will cost everyone more but his latest diatribe is simply plagiarizing the most loved poem of Elizabeth Barratt Browning and should be seen for what it is."

31 Monday Dec 2012 

Iain Duncan Smith: Monster of the Year 2012

"It seems Iain Duncan Smith, the creature whose Department for Work and Pensions launched an ethnic cleansing programme (in all but name) against the sick and disabled in 2011 and 2012, has now turned his baleful glare on the working poor."

31 Dec 2012

Duncan Smith's attack on working poor a 'smokescreen', say critics

"For many, it may be additionally shocking that a punitive approach which seems to lack both compassion and understanding towards the most vulnerable in society is being pursued by a government minister who uses the cloak of 'Christian values' for such policies and appears to have no regard for his own church's social teaching," said the Ekklesia co-director."

Tuesday 1 January 2013

IDS’s rebirth is one of the wonders of the age

"So far at least, this false distinction between workers and shirkers – those who trudge off to the office or factory, in Osborne’s malevolent fantasy, while the feckless neighbours drowsily prepare for another day in front of Jeremy Kyle – is working as planned. The popularity of this wicked misrepresentation and the dilemma that poses for Ed Miliband is the one visible oasis on an otherwise arid Conservative trek towards the 2015 election.

More than morally repugnant, it is unbelievably dangerous for the country and the Tories themselves. Some 30 years after Thatcher opened the divide, the party has no councillors, let alone MPs, in Liverpool, Newcastle and other Northern cities. Messrs Osborne and Cameron, clad in tails and throwing bread rolls at the time, have either learned nothing from the residual damage inflicted on their electoral chances, or are too preoccupied with short-term survival to care about the consequences of this thuggish reawakening of the monied South’s contempt for the destitute North. A year ushered in by the strains of “We pay your benefits, we pay your benefits” from the mouths of beery London arrows fans does not sound, to these ears, like one that can possibly end well."

Welfare Whoppers

A Year of Lies and Blunders at the DWP Part 1

2012: A Year of Lies and Blunders at the DWP Part 2
 
Monster of 2012 starts the New Year as he means to go on

Nigel

The Sun: Recruiting Freud's Youth

Published: 16 hrs ago

£100 benefits perk claim

"Much needed extra help' ... Lord Freud

YOUNG workers will be up to £100 per month better off under radical benefit reforms to be announced this week.

Most single people under 25 cannot currently claim working tax credits — while over 25s earning up to around £13,000 per year can.

But from October up to 300,000 young people with no kids will be eligible for the new Universal Credit, Government experts claim."

*****

Universal Credit Personal Planner
Universal Credit App available for Android and iPhone

"This planner will show you what you need to do to be ready for Universal Credit

The Department for Work & Pensions have provided a Personal Planner which will show you what you need to do to be ready for Universal Credit.

It will help you to find out if you’ll need to do anything differently to manage a Universal Credit claim.

For example, some people may need to set up a bank account or budget for a monthly payment instead of a weekly payment."

*****

Universal Credit Software Delay
Benefit Cap Delay as Computer Software Runs – Again – into Problems

*****

Recruiting new Soldaten ...

20 December

Employment Advisor - Work Programme

"The Role Advisors manage a caseload of clients who are unemployed. Through assessments and ongoing engagement with your clients you will come to understand their abilities, ambitions and barriers and you will work with them to provide the support needed to progress them towards their employment goals. You will be targeted to build relationships with local employers, championing the work of your organisation and highlighting the benefits of using your organisation to recruit from. In this way you will seek to secure sustainable work for the clients on your caseload that matches their aims and ability."

Employability Tutor / Advisor (Work Programme)

"Experience in working towards targets in regards to placing clients into sustainable employment."

*****

Transparency ...

All Written Answers on 20 Dec 2012

Work Programme: Yorkshire and the Humber: Work and Pensions

"David Davis (Haltemprice and Howden, Conservative).

To ask the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions how many people have come off benefits after joining the Work programme in (a) Haltemprice and Howden constituency and (b) Yorkshire and Humber to date.

Mark Hoban (Fareham, Conservative)

The information requested is not readily available and could be provided only at disproportionate cost."

*****

Nigel

Contemporary Slavery In The UK

"What is forced labour?

What is the problem?

Forced labour is any work or services which people are forced to do against their will under the threat of some form [of] punishment. Almost all slavery practices, including trafficking in people and bonded labour, contain some element of forced labour."

Home \ English \ Slavery Today \ Forced Labour

Forced labour: contemporary slavery in the UK

"Influencing the development of policy and practice to reduce forced labour in the UK.

Our overall goal is to contribute to a reduction in forced labour in the UK by highlighting the issue with new, strong evidence on the extent of forced labour and interventions that might help eradicate it; and identifying practical solutions and sharing best practice in supporting victims of forced labour."

Home / Our work / Forced labour: contemporary slavery in the UK

*****

The Queen (on the application of) Caitlin Reilly and Jamieson Wilson -v- Secretary of State for Work and Pensions

Neutral Citation Number: [2012] EWHC 2292 (Admin)

Reilly - CO/260/2012 and Wilson - CO/1087/2012

"174 ... it does have to be said that the sbwa scheme, and indeed the CAP, are a very long way removed from the kind of colonial exploitation of labour that led to the formulation of Article 4. The Convention is, of course, a living instrument, capable of development to meet modern conditions, and views may reasonably differ about the merits of a scheme that requires individuals to “work for their benefits” as a means of assisting them back into the workplace. However, characterising such a scheme as involving or being analogous to “slavery” or “forced labour” seems to me to be a long way from contemporary thinking.

Mr Walsh’s first witness statement refers to details of research which it is suggested shows that schemes like the CAP can and do have a beneficial effect in relation to the obtaining of work by the long-term unemployed. It is no part of the court’s function to evaluate that evidence or to comment on its Judgment Approved by the court for handing down. Reilly & Wilson v DWP validity. However, if valid, its existence would reinforce the view that a scheme like the CAP does not offend Article 4.

175. Whilst the argument in Nikiforova concerned different Regulations (see paragraph 52 above), the approach of Bean J and the Court of Appeal in that case supports this conclusion.

176. For these reasons, briefly stated, I do not consider that either scheme is contrary to Article 4, nor do I consider that there has been any breach in Miss Reilly’s case."

 *****

Welfare Reform Act 2012

The Jobseeker’s Allowance (Sanctions) (Amendment) Regulations 2012

The Jobseeker’s Allowance (Mandatory Work Activity Scheme) Regulations 2011

March 2011

Report

"The Purpose of the Mandatory Work Activity Scheme

15. The Committee, along with some respondents, set out a concern regarding the intention of the scheme, likening it to a punishment, rather than a supportive employment programme.

16. The Government does not accept this position. The Mandatory Work Activity Scheme is targeted at those customers who have demonstrated that they require support to gain work related disciplines and re-engage with their search for work, as well as failing to voluntarily engage in the support that is offered by Jobcentre Plus. The Mandatory Work Activity Scheme is not a sanction, or a punishment, but has been developed in recognition that some customers require additional support."

The Jobseeker’s Allowance (Employment, Skills and Enterprise Scheme) Regulations 2011 

Jobseekers Act 1995

*****

Posted on December 14, 2012

Could Mandatory Work Activity be on the Brink of Collapse?

"An evaluation of the Government’s Mandatory Work Activity (MWA) scheme, commissioned and published by the DWP, reveals that welfare-to-work companies are struggling to find enough placements for all those forced into unpaid work. In a further blow to the DWP’s plans for mass workfare, this report was released before several major charities, including Scope, British Heart Foundation, Age UK and Cancer Research announced they were pulling out of the scheme."

RR 823 Evaluation of Mandatory Work Activity - December 2012

Read summary
Read full report

Mandatory Programmes Official Statistics - November 2012
Mandatory Programme Statistics August 2012

*****

November 11, 2012

Government So Ashamed of Workfare it Blocks Information about it

"The Department of Work and Pensions is refusing to publish the names of charities and businesses where tens of thousands of unemployed people are being made to work without pay for four weeks at a time."

Is the Work Programme really Forced Labour/Slavery in the UK?

Between decent work and forced labour: examining the continuum of exploitation
 
Between decent work and forced labour: examining the continuum of exploitation
 
Nigel